Using RoboCup to teach multiagent systems and the distributed mindset

This Essay addresses a debate that emerged in the Supreme Court\u27s decision last Term in Tennessee v. Lane, 124 S. Ct. 1978 (2004), regarding whether challenges to legislation enacted to enforce section five of the Fourteenth Amendment should be assessed on a facial or as-applied basis. It begins by reviewing the Court\u27s precedent involving claims that statutes exceed Congress\u27 enumerated powers to determine how the Court thus far has approached the question of facial challenges and severability in that context. One of the main points that emerges from this review is the confusion spawned by the Court\u27s current and unduly narrow definition of facial challenges as entailing the claim that a statute (or statutory provision) has no valid applications. This definition obscures both the range of forms facial challenges can take and the important role severability plays in the Court\u27s treatment of facial challenges. The Essay then turns to assessing whether, precedent aside, a doctrine of nonseverability should govern in the section five context, and answers this question in the negative. While section five statutes should not be immune from facial attack, the Essay argues that in assessing the merits of such challenges no reason exists to diverge from the ordinary rule that federal courts will presume unconstitutional applications of federal statutes are severable. It concludes with consideration of whether federalism concerns justify a departure from ordinary practice in other congressional power contexts

Detection of ATP by "in line” 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy during oxygenated hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of pigs' kidneys

Object: To demonstrate that adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides a valuable biomarker for kidney viability in the context of donation after cardiac death (DCD) transplantation, can be detected by means of 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) if kidneys are perfused with oxygenated hypothermic pulsatile perfusion (O2+HPP). Materials and methods: Porcine kidney perfusion was carried out using a home made, MR-compatible HPP-machine. Consequently, kidney perfusion could be performed continuously during magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy recording. 31P MR spectroscopy consisted of 3-dimensional chemical shift imaging (CSI), which allowed for the detection of ATP level in line. 31P CSI was performed at 3tesla in 44min with a nominal voxel size of 6.1cc. Results: 31P CSI enabled the detection of renal ATP when pO2 was equal to 100kPa. With pO2 of 20kPa, only phosphomonoester, inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide could be found. Semi-quantitative analysis showed that ATP level was 1.3mM in normal kidney perfused with pO2 of 100kPa. Conclusions: This combined technology may constitute a new advance in DCD organ diagnostics prior to transplantation, as it allows direct assessment of ATP concentration, which provides a reliable indicator for organ bioenergetics and viability. In this study, kidneys presenting no warm ischemia were tested in order to establish values in normal organs. The test could be easily integrated into the clinical environment and would not generate any additional delay into the transplantation clinical workflo

Correlated Multimodal Imaging in Life Sciences:Expanding the Biomedical Horizon

International audienceThe frontiers of bioimaging are currently being pushed toward the integration and correlation of several modalities to tackle biomedical research questions holistically and across multiple scales. Correlated Multimodal Imaging (CMI) gathers information about exactly the same specimen with two or more complementary modalities that-in combination-create a composite and complementary view of the sample (including insights into structure, function, dynamics and molecular composition). CMI allows to describe biomedical processes within their overall spatio-temporal context and gain a mechanistic understanding of cells, tissues, diseases or organisms by untangling their molecular mechanisms within their native environment. The two best-established CMI implementations for small animals and model organisms are hardware-fused platforms in preclinical imaging (Hybrid Imaging) and Correlated Light and Electron Microscopy (CLEM) in biological imaging. Although the merits of Preclinical Hybrid Imaging (PHI) and CLEM are well-established, both approaches would benefit from standardization of protocols, ontologies and data handling, and the development of optimized and advanced implementations. Specifically, CMI pipelines that aim at bridging preclinical and biological imaging beyond CLEM and PHI are rare but bear great potential to substantially advance both bioimaging and biomedical research. CMI faces three mai

The Holy Grail: A road map for unlocking the climate record stored within Mars' polar layered deposits

In its polar layered deposits (PLD), Mars possesses a record of its recent climate, analogous to terrestrial ice sheets containing climate records on Earth. Each PLD is greater than 2 ​km thick and contains thousands of layers, each containing information on the climatic and atmospheric state during its deposition, creating a climate archive. With detailed measurements of layer composition, it may be possible to extract age, accumulation rates, atmospheric conditions, and surface activity at the time of deposition, among other important parameters; gaining the information would allow us to “read” the climate record. Because Mars has fewer complicating factors than Earth (e.g. oceans, biology, and human-modified climate), the planet offers a unique opportunity to study the history of a terrestrial planet’s climate, which in turn can teach us about our own planet and the thousands of terrestrial exoplanets waiting to be discovered. During a two-part workshop, the Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) hosted 38 Mars scientists and engineers who focused on determining the measurements needed to extract the climate record contained in the PLD. The group converged on four fundamental questions that must be answered with the goal of interpreting the climate record and finding its history based on the climate drivers. The group then proposed numerous measurements in order to answer these questions and detailed a sequence of missions and architecture to complete the measurements. In all, several missions are required, including an orbiter that can characterize the present climate and volatile reservoirs; a static reconnaissance lander capable of characterizing near surface atmospheric processes, annual accumulation, surface properties, and layer formation mechanism in the upper 50 ​cm of the PLD; a network of SmallSat landers focused on meteorology for ground truth of the low-altitude orbiter data; and finally, a second landed platform to access ~500 ​m of layers to measure layer variability through time. This mission architecture, with two landers, would meet the science goals and is designed to save costs compared to a single very capable landed mission. The rationale for this plan is presented below. In this paper we discuss numerous aspects, including our motivation, background of polar science, the climate science that drives polar layer formation, modeling of the atmosphere and climate to create hypotheses for what the layers mean, and terrestrial analogs to climatological studies. Finally, we present a list of measurements and missions required to answer the four major questions and read the climate record. 1. What are present and past fluxes of volatiles, dust, and other materials into and out of the polar regions? 2. How do orbital forcing and exchange with other reservoirs affect those fluxes? 3. What chemical and physical processes form and modify layers? 4. What is the timespan, completeness, and temporal resolution of the climate history recorded in the PLD